For my thesis I am studying the role of clouds in the radiative energy transfer over sea ice. Clouds are important in the Arctic climate system because of the influence they have on the energy exchange with the surface. The physics and statistical properties of clouds are still fairly unknown and thus their full impact on the surface energy budget is also poorly correlated. Without fully understanding the roll clouds play in the climate system we have a hard time creating accurate climate models to predict future changes. Detecting and measuring cloud properties, either from space or in the field, remain a challenge because of the difficulty in mounting Arctic field programs. Thus the main goal of my thesis will be to do validation of satellite data, from the two polar orbiting satellites CloudSat and Calipso, to the field data we are currently collecting.
Everyday I go outside to do maintenance on all the atmospheric instruments. On board we have an all sky camera that records the conditions of the sky every 10 minutes. From this I will be able to determine the amount of cloud cover over the ship. We also have a vertical profiler which gives us the temperature, relative humidity and vapour density for the bottom 10 km of the atmosphere. The ceilometer gives us the height of the clouds and the laser precip guage determines the type and amount of precipitation falling. During low pressure events we launch balloons that will give us a profile for 23-26 km vertically. These instruments will give me enough data to be able to do a fairly large comparison of the many data products produced by the satellites CloudSat and Calipso.

Life on board the ship can be fairly
unpredictable. When I first came up to the
Arctic I had just moved from Vancouver into
a temporary apartment in Winnipeg. My
neighbour on the ship Amanda Chaulk, also a
new graduate student from U of M, was also
looking for an apartment back in Winnipeg.
Luckily we became fairly good friends on
board and have since found an apartment
together back in
Winnipeg!
After experiencing an Arctic winter and
spring I'm really looking forward to my
next time on board, which I will be
returning for a third leg during the summer
months.
Thanks,
Lauren Candlish
Tiere im Meereis...
Von Maike Kramer, Institut für Polarökologie, Kiel, Deutschland

Von
Zeit zu Zeit werde ich gefragt, worüber ich
forsche. Dann antworte ich: „Ich
beschäftige mich mit den kleinen Tieren,
die im Meereis leben.“ – „Du meinst, Tiere
an der Eisunterseite?“ – „Nein: Ich spreche
von den Tieren, die IM Eis leben.“
Jeder kennt die großen Tiere, die auf dem
Eis oder in der Nähe des Eises leben – der
Eisbär in der Arktis, die Pinguine in der
Antarktis, Robben an beiden Polen. Viele
Menschen haben von Tieren gehört, die
unterm Eis leben, wie Krill, Amphipoden
oder Polardorsche. Aber Tiere IM Eis? In
der Tat, meine Tiere leben IM Meereis, sie
LEBEN im Meereis – sehr faszinierend!
Wie können meine Tiere im Eis leben?
Tatsächlich leben sie in Solekanälen im
Eis: Wenn Salzwasser gefriert, werden nur
die Wassermoleküle in das Eiskristallgitter
eingebaut, während die Salzionen aus dem
Gitter ausgeschlossen werden. Daher sammelt
sich zwischen den Eiskristallen sehr
salziges Wasser, und während das Eis weiter
wächst, bildet sich darin ein
Solekanalsystem. Da die Salzkonzentration
in diesen Solekanälen sehr hoch ist,
gefriert die Sole nicht – das ist der
gleiche Effekt, den man sich beim
Salzstreuen im Winter zu Nutze macht. Meine
kleinen Tiere wohnen also in einem
Solekanalsystem.
Da die Solekanäle sehr eng sind – häufig
weniger als ein Millimeter im Durchmesser –
könnt Ihr Euch vorstellen, dass meine Tiere
sehr klein sein müssen. Die meisten kann
man kaum mit bloßem Auge sehen. Aber wenn
Ihr sie unter dem Mikroskop anseht, werdet
Ihr sehen, wie hübsch sie sind: die
Ruderfußkrebse, die winzigkleinen Krabben
ähneln und deren Babys in Algenklumpen
strampeln; die Fadenwürmer, die sehr dünn
sind und sich auf dem Boden der Schale
krümmen; die Plattwürmer, oval oder
schlangenartig und hübsch orange oder
rötlich; die putzigen Rädertierchen mit
ihrem rotierenden Räderorgan am Kopf, das
sie zum Schwimmen und Fressen benutzen.
Meine kleinen Tiere werden erst seit etwa
zwanzig Jahren untersucht, und es gibt noch
eine Menge, was wir nicht wissen: Wie
gelangen sie ins Eis? Wie können sie die
hohen Salzkonzentrationen und niedrigen
Temperaturen überleben? Was geschieht mit
ihnen, wenn das Eis schmilzt? Was und wie
viel fressen sie, und was ist ihre Rolle im
Nahrungsnetz?
Es sind die Fragen bezüglich des
Nahrungsnetzes, die mich am meisten
faszinieren, und ich möchte im Rahmen
meiner Promotion am Institut für
Polarökologie in Kiel, Norddeutschland,
einige Antworten darauf finden. Zu diesem
Zweck habe ich bereits auf zwei
Expeditionen mit dem deutschen
Forschungsschiff Polarstern Tiere für
Experimente und diverse Analysen gesammelt
– im Weddellmeer (Antarktis) und in der
Zentralen Arktis. Meine Teilnahme am
CFL-Projekt an Bord der CCGS Amundsen
ermöglicht es mir, weitere Proben zu nehmen
und meine Experimentreihe zu ergänzen.
Insbesondere bin ich glücklich über die
Gelegenheit, mit Kollegen aus Kanada und
anderen Ländern zusammen zu arbeiten, die
sich mit dem gleichen Thema oder mit
verwandten Themen beschäftigen. Derartige
Kooperationen können unsere Arbeit enorm
bereichern, da sie uns verschiedene Aspekte
vor Augen führen, uns auf neue Ideen
bringen und weitere Fragen aufkommen
lassen. Darüber hinaus glaube ich, dass
internationale Forschungsprojekte wie CFL
zu einer Verständigung über nationale
Grenzen hinweg beitragen können. Wir
sollten weder nach Macht streben noch nach
Besitz, sondern nach friedlicher Forschung
und nach dem Erhalt unserer Umwelt – in der
Arktis wie anderswo. Projekte wie CFL geben
Hoffnung, dass dies möglich ist.
Eläimiä jäässä...
Maike Kramer, Polaariekologian Instituutti, Kiel, Saksa

Silloin
tällöin minulta kysytään mitä tutkin.
Siihen vastaan: „Tutkin niitä pieniä
eläimiä, jotka elävät merijäässä.“ –
„Tarkoitat kai eläimiä jään alapuolella?“ –
„En: puhun tässä niistä eläimistä, jotka
elävät jään sisällä.“
Jokainen tietää isoista eläimistä, jotka
elävät jäällä tai jään tuntumalla –
jääkarhu Arktiksella, pingviinit
Antarktiksella, hylkeet molemmilla navalla.
Useammat ovat kuulleet eläimistä, jotka
elävät jään alla, kuten krilli, katkat ja
jääturska. Mutta eläimet jään sisällä?
Kyllä minun eläimeni elävät merijään
SISÄLLÄ, ne ELÄVÄT merijään sisällä –
maailma on täynnä ihmeellistä asiaa!
Miten eläimeni voivat elää jäässä?
Itseasiassa ne elävät jäässä olevissa
suolakanavissa. Kun suolavesi jäätyy,
ainoastaan vesimolekyylit hakeutuvat
jääkiderakenteeseen. Sen takia jääkiteiden
väliin käriintyy hyvin suolaista vettä, ja
niinpä jään kasvatessa muodostuu
suolakanavasysteemi jään sisällä. Kun
suolapitoisuus näissä kanavissa on hyvin
korkea, suolaliuos ei jäädy – sama ilmiö
josta hyödynnetään kun talvisin levitetään
suolaa jäisille teille. Pikkueläimeni siis
asuvat sellaisessa suolakanavasysteemissä.
Suolaskanavat ovat hyvin kapeita –
läpimitta on usein alle millimetri. Voit
siis kuvitella eläinteni olevan hyvinkin
pieniä. Suurin osa niistä tuskin näy
paljain silmin. Mutta kun katsot niitä
mikroskoopilla, niin näet, kuinka hauskoja
ne ovat: pienet hankajalkaiset, jotka
muistuttavat pienenpieniä katkarapuja ja
joiden vauvat vilistävät levissä; hyvin
ohuet sukkulamadot, jotka kiemurtelevat
kulhon pohjalla; ovaalinmuotoiset tai
käärmemäiset, oranssi- tai punaväriset
värysmadot; hauskat rataseläimet pyörivine
rataselimineen, jolla ne uivat ja syövät.
Pieniä eläimiäni on tutkittu vasta
parikymmentä vuotta, ja niinpä niitä
koskevia kysymsksiä, joihin ei tiedetä
vastautta, on paljon: Kuinka ne joutuvat
jäähän? Kuinka ne pystyvät kestämään
korkeita suolapitoisuuksia ja matalia
lämpötiloja? Mitä on niiden kohtalo, kun
jää sulaa? Mitä ja kuinka paljon ne syövät,
ja mikä on niiden rooli ravinneverkossa?
Kysymykset ravinneverkosta kiinnostavat
minua eniten, ja niinpä haluan löytää
joitakin vastauksia niihin väitösprojektini
puitteissa, jonka teen Polaariekologian
Instituutilla Kielissä, Pohjois-Saksassa.
Siihen tarkoitukseen keräsin eläimiä
kokeita ja eri analyyseja varten kahdella
tutkimusmatkalla saksalaisella
tutkimusaluksella Polarsternilla –
Weddellin mereltä (Antarktikselta) ja
Keski-Arktikselta. Osallistumalla
CFL-projektiin CCGS Amundsen:lla pystyn
ottamaan lisää näytteitä ja täydentämään
koesarjani.
Olen hyvin tyytyväinen siitä, että näin
minulla on mahdollisuus tehdä yhteystyötä
kanadalaisten ja muiden maiden tutkijoiden
kanssa, jotka tutkivat samaa tai läheistä
aihetta. Työmme hyödyntyy erinomaisesti
tällaisesta yhteistyöstä, sillä se voi
laajentaa näkökulmaa, sekä tuottaa uusia
ideoita ja lisää kysymyksiä. Lisäksi, ja
yhä kaikkea uskon kansainvälisten
tutkimushankkeiden pystyvän myötävaikuttaa
ymmärtämiseen yli maarajoja. Meidän ei
pitäisi pyrkiä valtaan eikä omistukseen,
vaan rauhalliseen tutkimukseen ja
ympäristömme säilyttämiseen – Arktiksella
samoin kuin muuallakin. CFL:n tapaiset
hankkeet antavat toivoa, että sellaista on
mahdollista.
Animals in Sea Ice...
By Maike Kramer, Institute for Polar Ecology, Kiel, Germany

From time to time, people happen to ask me
what kind of research I do. Then I answer:
“I study the little animals living in sea
ice.” – “You mean to say, animals at the
underside of the ice?” – “No: I am talking
about the animals living IN the ice.”
Everybody knows about the big animals
living on or in vicinity of the ice – the
polar bear in the Arctic, the penguins in
the Antarctic, seals on both poles. Many
people have heard about animals living
under the ice, like the krill, amphipods or
the Arctic cod. But animals IN the ice?
Indeed, my animals live IN sea ice, they
LIVE in sea ice – which is most
fascinating.
How can my animals live in the ice? In
fact, they live in brine channels within
the sea ice. When salt water freezes, only
the water molecules are included into the
crystal structure of the ice, while the
salt ions are repelled from it. In
consequence, very salty water gathers
inbetween the ice crystals, and during the
ongoing ice growth, a system of brine
channels forms within the ice. As the salt
concentration in these brine channels is
very high, the brine does not freeze – the
same effect which we make use of when
spreading salt on the icy streets in
winter. So my little animals have a brine
channel system as their home.
As the brine channels are very narrow –
often less than a millimetre in diameter –
you can imagine that my animals must be
very tiny. Most of them can barely be seen
with bare eye. But when you watch them
under the microscope, you will see how nice
they are: the copepods, which resemble tiny
little shrimps, and the babys of which
scramble in clumps of algae; the nematodes,
very slender worms curling on the bottom of
the vial; the plathyelminthes, which are
oval or snake-like and can be nicely orange
or redish; the funny-looking rotifers with
their spinning organ on the head, which
they use for swimming and feeding.
My little animals have only been studied
for about two decades, and there is still a
lot we do not know about them: How do they
get into the ice? How can they survive the
high salt concentrations and low
temperatures? What happens to them when the
ice melts? What do they feed on, how much
do they eat, what is their role in the food
web?
It is the questions concerning the food web
which fascinate me the most, and so I want
to find some answers to these questions
during my PhD, which I am doing at the
Institute for Polar Ecology in Kiel,
northern Germany. For this purpose, I
already collected animals for experiments
and various analyses during two expeditions
onboard the German research vessel
Polarstern – in the Weddell Sea
(Antarctica) and in the Central Arctic. My
participation in the CFL project onboard
CCGS Amundsen allows me to collect
additional samples and to complement my
series of experiments.
I am particularly happy about the
opportunity to co-operate with colleagues
from Canada and from other countries, who
are working on the same or related topics.
Such co-operations can give enormous input
to our work, as they broaden our view, and
bring up new ideas and additional
questions. Moreover, I believe that
international research projects, such as
CFL, can also contribute to an
understanding beyond national borders. What
we should aim for is neither power nor
possession, but peaceful research and
conservation of our environment – in the
Arctic as well as elsewhere. Projects such
as CFL give hope that this is
possible.
M.Sc. Candidate
Center for Earth Observation Science
University of Manitoba
Co-supervisors: Dr. David Barber and Mr. Pierre Richard
Well, it took me six years after my Bachelor’s degree to decide to return to university and begin a graduate program. The chance to spend some time on an icebreaker in the Beaufort Sea was too much to pass up.

So now I’m here for three months studying
the spring migration of beluga whales.
Specifically, I’m using aerial surveys and
remote sensing to research the use of the
flaw lead by belugas. My first aerial
survey was on May 8 and we spotted one
beluga and two bowhead whales. We had seen
18 bowheads from the ship the previous day
so their presence was expected but sighting
a beluga was quite a surprise. Belugas were
not expected to be in the area until at
least mid-May and probably not until the
end of the month or even early June, but
there it was.
When I’m not conducting beluga surveys, my
time is spent out on the ice sampling snow
and ice to contribute to the data needed by
other researchers. In one of the pictures,
I’m playing the “ice core in the hole”
game. It’s a way to pass the time when
waiting for instruments to collect data or
for the ship to pick you up on an ice floe.
A simple game: the goal is to throw a small
piece of ice core into its hole from a
couple of meters away. It’s harder than it
sounds.
Between the gathering of samples, regular
science meetings and scheduled mealtimes,
folks still find time for evening
socializing and the occasional hockey game
out on the ice. All in a days work.

Science journalist, Hannah Hoag
It was a little more than a year ago when I first heard about the competition that would put 14 journalists on board the ship. I thought about it nearly every day for six months—right up to the deadline. I followed the ship’s progress in the newspapers and through these very Dispatches, eager to know what life was like on board, and hoping that I might one day be able to experience it.
On April 24, a Twin Otter—guided by twin rows of black garbage bags filled with snow—set down on an ice floe drifting just off the southern tip of Banks Island. Jammed into the ice, not far from the hand-cleared airstrip was the fat red hull of the Amundsen.
It’s been a whirlwind week since we landed, getting used to living—and working—on a ship in the Arctic. There are rules (you don’t go out on the ice without a rifle), schedules (5 p.m. dinner; 7 p.m. science meeting) and the temperature (camera batteries last two hours at most) to keep in mind. But the scientists are uncommonly generous with their time and quite willing to have me tag along with them as they cut ice cores, sort zooplankton or snap photos of ice crystals.
I have yet to see a seal, an arctic fox or a polar bear, and I missed the couple of birds that passed overhead today (I was staring at a turquoise ice ridge), but there’s still plenty of time for that to happen. After more than a week of drifting, we’re dislodging from this floe tomorrow and setting out to the open water. The seals, I’ve been told, won’t slip off the ice edge until the last possible moment.

Cheers,
Hannah
Hannah Hoag
Science journalist
A couple of days in the life of Chris Fuller...
Dr. John Yackel, geography professor and research associate for the Arctic
Institute of North America. I am among 200 scientists from 15 countries
taking part in Canada’s largest International Polar Year (IPY) project –
the Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) system study situated in the Beaufort Sea,
Canadian Arctic. This study seeks to examine how the Arctic’s physical,
biological and geochemical systems are interconnected and how these
systems respond to changes in sea ice. Chris’s research is focused on
quantifying changes in snow cover which affect ice formation, thickness,
and melt, using microwave remote sensing data. I will be engaged in a
surface validation campaign for Canada’s recently launched RADARSAT-2
satellite. My research will be based from the ice breaker CCGS Amundsen
from April 24-Jun 5.
The following is a couple of days in his life...
April 24, 2008
After leaving Calgary at 12:00 PM on April 23rd, I have finally arrived
safe and sound on the CCGS Amundsen at 8:00 PM on April 24th at the
southern tip of Banks Island (~Latitude 123°W, Longitude 71°N; near Cape
Lambton and Nelson Head). The scenery is more spectacular than I remember
from my time in Franklin Bay, though I am now located just across the
Amundsen Gulf from my previous field work in April-June of 2004. The vast
white wonder has me anxious to start new experiments. The ship, and the
placement of everything on it, is regaining familiarity; I’ve settled into
my cabin with a whirlwind of organization. I’ve recognized a few faces and
have met new colleagues who will no doubt become good friends by the end
of my time here. Being in the field, particularly in a remote location,
with a group of scientists from areas of research so disparate but with a
common goal gives me motivation and purpose that is hard to describe.
Tomorrow will come too soon for sleep, but not soon enough for the
thoughts and plans of science. The Sun will be up until 1:30 AM and will
reappear at 4:00 AM, long after and long before me.
April 27th, 2008
The last two days have been a combination of data gathering and meetings
regarding ship and science protocol and procedure. The time on the ice is
exhilarating; snow science requires a high number of independent samples
because snow properties are so spatially and temporally variable. The high
winds have created very dense snow (the kind that is excellent for igloo
building) which slows down the sampling process. The -18°C temperatures
with very high wind-speed create frigid wind-chills near -40°C which also
slows the data collecting process. It is sometimes said that if you set a
time budget based on how long it would take you perform a simple task in a
warmer climate (such as that of Calgary), triple that time for an idea of
the minimum time it will take in the Arctic. In Calgary this winter the
temperature flirted with -50°C; pretend you are out in that cold snap
working with very small tools that require bare hands and a high degree of
precision…for 3 hours…The ice flow we are in is also unstable, leads and
break-up occur all around you. Oh, and keep an eye out for Polar bears
that may confuse you, as you kneel on the ice doing science, for a tasty
Ring seal (2 bears have been seen in the last couple of days). These are
the conditions here at the beginning of my 6 week voyage. By the end of
the 6 weeks it will be a balmy -1°C with 98% humidity and watery
melt-ponds will surround us. Seal and Polar bear activity will increase.
The dynamics of this environment are astounding.

