Dispatches...


Stories from the CFL at the top of the world...

Hi, my name is Lauren Candlish. I'm a new graduate student at the University of Manitoba. I'm now participating in my second leg on board the Amundsen. The first time I was up here was from January 31 to March 14! I have to say the more I'm up in the Arctic the more I love it! While looking out over the vast ice fields surrounding the ship, I feel so lucky to be up here experiencing the Arctic as we currently know it. With the current rate of change, many models predict the Arctic Ocean will be seasonally ice free by 2050 or sooner. The rate of warming is so rapid, in fact, that some scientists have predicted that there may be no more ice in the Arctic during summer by as early as 2013.

For my thesis I am studying the role of clouds in the radiative energy transfer over sea ice. Clouds are important in the Arctic climate system because of the influence they have on the energy exchange with the surface. The physics and statistical properties of clouds are still fairly unknown and thus their full impact on the surface energy budget is also poorly correlated. Without fully understanding the roll clouds play in the climate system we have a hard time creating accurate climate models to predict future changes. Detecting and measuring cloud properties, either from space or in the field, remain a challenge because of the difficulty in mounting Arctic field programs. Thus the main goal of my thesis will be to do validation of satellite data, from the two polar orbiting satellites CloudSat and Calipso, to the field data we are currently collecting.

Everyday I go outside to do maintenance on all the atmospheric instruments. On board we have an all sky camera that records the conditions of the sky every 10 minutes. From this I will be able to determine the amount of cloud cover over the ship. We also have a vertical profiler which gives us the temperature, relative humidity and vapour density for the bottom 10 km of the atmosphere. The ceilometer gives us the height of the clouds and the laser precip guage determines the type and amount of precipitation falling. During low pressure events we launch balloons that will give us a profile for 23-26 km vertically. These instruments will give me enough data to be able to do a fairly large comparison of the many data products produced by the satellites CloudSat and Calipso.

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Life on board the ship can be fairly unpredictable. When I first came up to the Arctic I had just moved from Vancouver into a temporary apartment in Winnipeg. My neighbour on the ship Amanda Chaulk, also a new graduate student from U of M, was also looking for an apartment back in Winnipeg. Luckily we became fairly good friends on board and have since found an apartment together back in Winnipeg!

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After experiencing an Arctic winter and spring I'm really looking forward to my next time on board, which I will be returning for a third leg during the summer months.

Thanks,
Lauren Candlish

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Tiere im Meereis...

Tiere im Meereis

Von Maike Kramer, Institut für Polarökologie, Kiel, Deutschland

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Von Zeit zu Zeit werde ich gefragt, worüber ich forsche. Dann antworte ich: „Ich beschäftige mich mit den kleinen Tieren, die im Meereis leben.“ – „Du meinst, Tiere an der Eisunterseite?“ – „Nein: Ich spreche von den Tieren, die IM Eis leben.“

Jeder kennt die großen Tiere, die auf dem Eis oder in der Nähe des Eises leben – der Eisbär in der Arktis, die Pinguine in der Antarktis, Robben an beiden Polen. Viele Menschen haben von Tieren gehört, die unterm Eis leben, wie Krill, Amphipoden oder Polardorsche. Aber Tiere IM Eis? In der Tat, meine Tiere leben IM Meereis, sie LEBEN im Meereis – sehr faszinierend!

Wie können meine Tiere im Eis leben? Tatsächlich leben sie in Solekanälen im Eis: Wenn Salzwasser gefriert, werden nur die Wassermoleküle in das Eiskristallgitter eingebaut, während die Salzionen aus dem Gitter ausgeschlossen werden. Daher sammelt sich zwischen den Eiskristallen sehr salziges Wasser, und während das Eis weiter wächst, bildet sich darin ein Solekanalsystem. Da die Salzkonzentration in diesen Solekanälen sehr hoch ist, gefriert die Sole nicht – das ist der gleiche Effekt, den man sich beim Salzstreuen im Winter zu Nutze macht. Meine kleinen Tiere wohnen also in einem Solekanalsystem.

Da die Solekanäle sehr eng sind – häufig weniger als ein Millimeter im Durchmesser – könnt Ihr Euch vorstellen, dass meine Tiere sehr klein sein müssen. Die meisten kann man kaum mit bloßem Auge sehen. Aber wenn Ihr sie unter dem Mikroskop anseht, werdet Ihr sehen, wie hübsch sie sind: die Ruderfußkrebse, die winzigkleinen Krabben ähneln und deren Babys in Algenklumpen strampeln; die Fadenwürmer, die sehr dünn sind und sich auf dem Boden der Schale krümmen; die Plattwürmer, oval oder schlangenartig und hübsch orange oder rötlich; die putzigen Rädertierchen mit ihrem rotierenden Räderorgan am Kopf, das sie zum Schwimmen und Fressen benutzen.

Meine kleinen Tiere werden erst seit etwa zwanzig Jahren untersucht, und es gibt noch eine Menge, was wir nicht wissen: Wie gelangen sie ins Eis? Wie können sie die hohen Salzkonzentrationen und niedrigen Temperaturen überleben? Was geschieht mit ihnen, wenn das Eis schmilzt? Was und wie viel fressen sie, und was ist ihre Rolle im Nahrungsnetz?

Es sind die Fragen bezüglich des Nahrungsnetzes, die mich am meisten faszinieren, und ich möchte im Rahmen meiner Promotion am Institut für Polarökologie in Kiel, Norddeutschland, einige Antworten darauf finden. Zu diesem Zweck habe ich bereits auf zwei Expeditionen mit dem deutschen Forschungsschiff Polarstern Tiere für Experimente und diverse Analysen gesammelt – im Weddellmeer (Antarktis) und in der Zentralen Arktis. Meine Teilnahme am CFL-Projekt an Bord der CCGS Amundsen ermöglicht es mir, weitere Proben zu nehmen und meine Experimentreihe zu ergänzen.

Insbesondere bin ich glücklich über die Gelegenheit, mit Kollegen aus Kanada und anderen Ländern zusammen zu arbeiten, die sich mit dem gleichen Thema oder mit verwandten Themen beschäftigen. Derartige Kooperationen können unsere Arbeit enorm bereichern, da sie uns verschiedene Aspekte vor Augen führen, uns auf neue Ideen bringen und weitere Fragen aufkommen lassen. Darüber hinaus glaube ich, dass internationale Forschungsprojekte wie CFL zu einer Verständigung über nationale Grenzen hinweg beitragen können. Wir sollten weder nach Macht streben noch nach Besitz, sondern nach friedlicher Forschung und nach dem Erhalt unserer Umwelt – in der Arktis wie anderswo. Projekte wie CFL geben Hoffnung, dass dies möglich ist.

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Eläimiä jäässä...

Eläimiä jäässä

Maike Kramer, Polaariekologian Instituutti, Kiel, Saksa

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Silloin tällöin minulta kysytään mitä tutkin. Siihen vastaan: „Tutkin niitä pieniä eläimiä, jotka elävät merijäässä.“ – „Tarkoitat kai eläimiä jään alapuolella?“ – „En: puhun tässä niistä eläimistä, jotka elävät jään sisällä.“

Jokainen tietää isoista eläimistä, jotka elävät jäällä tai jään tuntumalla – jääkarhu Arktiksella, pingviinit Antarktiksella, hylkeet molemmilla navalla. Useammat ovat kuulleet eläimistä, jotka elävät jään alla, kuten krilli, katkat ja jääturska. Mutta eläimet jään sisällä? Kyllä minun eläimeni elävät merijään SISÄLLÄ, ne ELÄVÄT merijään sisällä – maailma on täynnä ihmeellistä asiaa!

Miten eläimeni voivat elää jäässä? Itseasiassa ne elävät jäässä olevissa suolakanavissa. Kun suolavesi jäätyy, ainoastaan vesimolekyylit hakeutuvat jääkiderakenteeseen. Sen takia jääkiteiden väliin käriintyy hyvin suolaista vettä, ja niinpä jään kasvatessa muodostuu suolakanavasysteemi jään sisällä. Kun suolapitoisuus näissä kanavissa on hyvin korkea, suolaliuos ei jäädy – sama ilmiö josta hyödynnetään kun talvisin levitetään suolaa jäisille teille. Pikkueläimeni siis asuvat sellaisessa suolakanavasysteemissä.

Suolaskanavat ovat hyvin kapeita – läpimitta on usein alle millimetri. Voit siis kuvitella eläinteni olevan hyvinkin pieniä. Suurin osa niistä tuskin näy paljain silmin. Mutta kun katsot niitä mikroskoopilla, niin näet, kuinka hauskoja ne ovat: pienet hankajalkaiset, jotka muistuttavat pienenpieniä katkarapuja ja joiden vauvat vilistävät levissä; hyvin ohuet sukkulamadot, jotka kiemurtelevat kulhon pohjalla; ovaalinmuotoiset tai käärmemäiset, oranssi- tai punaväriset värysmadot; hauskat rataseläimet pyörivine rataselimineen, jolla ne uivat ja syövät.

Pieniä eläimiäni on tutkittu vasta parikymmentä vuotta, ja niinpä niitä koskevia kysymsksiä, joihin ei tiedetä vastautta, on paljon: Kuinka ne joutuvat jäähän? Kuinka ne pystyvät kestämään korkeita suolapitoisuuksia ja matalia lämpötiloja? Mitä on niiden kohtalo, kun jää sulaa? Mitä ja kuinka paljon ne syövät, ja mikä on niiden rooli ravinneverkossa?

Kysymykset ravinneverkosta kiinnostavat minua eniten, ja niinpä haluan löytää joitakin vastauksia niihin väitösprojektini puitteissa, jonka teen Polaariekologian Instituutilla Kielissä, Pohjois-Saksassa. Siihen tarkoitukseen keräsin eläimiä kokeita ja eri analyyseja varten kahdella tutkimusmatkalla saksalaisella tutkimusaluksella Polarsternilla – Weddellin mereltä (Antarktikselta) ja Keski-Arktikselta. Osallistumalla CFL-projektiin CCGS Amundsen:lla pystyn ottamaan lisää näytteitä ja täydentämään koesarjani.

Olen hyvin tyytyväinen siitä, että näin minulla on mahdollisuus tehdä yhteystyötä kanadalaisten ja muiden maiden tutkijoiden kanssa, jotka tutkivat samaa tai läheistä aihetta. Työmme hyödyntyy erinomaisesti tällaisesta yhteistyöstä, sillä se voi laajentaa näkökulmaa, sekä tuottaa uusia ideoita ja lisää kysymyksiä. Lisäksi, ja yhä kaikkea uskon kansainvälisten tutkimushankkeiden pystyvän myötävaikuttaa ymmärtämiseen yli maarajoja. Meidän ei pitäisi pyrkiä valtaan eikä omistukseen, vaan rauhalliseen tutkimukseen ja ympäristömme säilyttämiseen – Arktiksella samoin kuin muuallakin. CFL:n tapaiset hankkeet antavat toivoa, että sellaista on mahdollista.

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Animals in Sea Ice...

Animals in sea ice

By Maike Kramer, Institute for Polar Ecology, Kiel, Germany

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From time to time, people happen to ask me what kind of research I do. Then I answer: “I study the little animals living in sea ice.” – “You mean to say, animals at the underside of the ice?” – “No: I am talking about the animals living IN the ice.”

Everybody knows about the big animals living on or in vicinity of the ice – the polar bear in the Arctic, the penguins in the Antarctic, seals on both poles. Many people have heard about animals living under the ice, like the krill, amphipods or the Arctic cod. But animals IN the ice? Indeed, my animals live IN sea ice, they LIVE in sea ice – which is most fascinating.

How can my animals live in the ice? In fact, they live in brine channels within the sea ice. When salt water freezes, only the water molecules are included into the crystal structure of the ice, while the salt ions are repelled from it. In consequence, very salty water gathers inbetween the ice crystals, and during the ongoing ice growth, a system of brine channels forms within the ice. As the salt concentration in these brine channels is very high, the brine does not freeze – the same effect which we make use of when spreading salt on the icy streets in winter. So my little animals have a brine channel system as their home.

As the brine channels are very narrow – often less than a millimetre in diameter – you can imagine that my animals must be very tiny. Most of them can barely be seen with bare eye. But when you watch them under the microscope, you will see how nice they are: the copepods, which resemble tiny little shrimps, and the babys of which scramble in clumps of algae; the nematodes, very slender worms curling on the bottom of the vial; the plathyelminthes, which are oval or snake-like and can be nicely orange or redish; the funny-looking rotifers with their spinning organ on the head, which they use for swimming and feeding.

My little animals have only been studied for about two decades, and there is still a lot we do not know about them: How do they get into the ice? How can they survive the high salt concentrations and low temperatures? What happens to them when the ice melts? What do they feed on, how much do they eat, what is their role in the food web?

It is the questions concerning the food web which fascinate me the most, and so I want to find some answers to these questions during my PhD, which I am doing at the Institute for Polar Ecology in Kiel, northern Germany. For this purpose, I already collected animals for experiments and various analyses during two expeditions onboard the German research vessel Polarstern – in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) and in the Central Arctic. My participation in the CFL project onboard CCGS Amundsen allows me to collect additional samples and to complement my series of experiments.

I am particularly happy about the opportunity to co-operate with colleagues from Canada and from other countries, who are working on the same or related topics. Such co-operations can give enormous input to our work, as they broaden our view, and bring up new ideas and additional questions. Moreover, I believe that international research projects, such as CFL, can also contribute to an understanding beyond national borders. What we should aim for is neither power nor possession, but peaceful research and conservation of our environment – in the Arctic as well as elsewhere. Projects such as CFL give hope that this is possible.

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Natalie Asselin
M.Sc. Candidate
Center for Earth Observation Science
University of Manitoba
Co-supervisors: Dr. David Barber and Mr. Pierre Richard

Well, it took me six years after my Bachelor’s degree to decide to return to university and begin a graduate program. The chance to spend some time on an icebreaker in the Beaufort Sea was too much to pass up.

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So now I’m here for three months studying the spring migration of beluga whales. Specifically, I’m using aerial surveys and remote sensing to research the use of the flaw lead by belugas. My first aerial survey was on May 8 and we spotted one beluga and two bowhead whales. We had seen 18 bowheads from the ship the previous day so their presence was expected but sighting a beluga was quite a surprise. Belugas were not expected to be in the area until at least mid-May and probably not until the end of the month or even early June, but there it was.

When I’m not conducting beluga surveys, my time is spent out on the ice sampling snow and ice to contribute to the data needed by other researchers. In one of the pictures, I’m playing the “ice core in the hole” game. It’s a way to pass the time when waiting for instruments to collect data or for the ship to pick you up on an ice floe. A simple game: the goal is to throw a small piece of ice core into its hole from a couple of meters away. It’s harder than it sounds.

Between the gathering of samples, regular science meetings and scheduled mealtimes, folks still find time for evening socializing and the occasional hockey game out on the ice. All in a days work.

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Science journalist, Hannah Hoag

One evening in late December, I returned home from a busy afternoon of Christmas shopping and settled into one of the comfier chairs in my living room. It was a weekday, and since I had taken most of the day off, my conscience was pestering to check my emails. Instead of finding an Inbox full of work, I found a gift from the World Federation of Science Journalists: I was going to the Amundsen. I do believe I jumped out of my chair and cheered.

It was a little more than a year ago when I first heard about the competition that would put 14 journalists on board the ship. I thought about it nearly every day for six months—right up to the deadline. I followed the ship’s progress in the newspapers and through these very Dispatches, eager to know what life was like on board, and hoping that I might one day be able to experience it.

On April 24, a Twin Otter—guided by twin rows of black garbage bags filled with snow—set down on an ice floe drifting just off the southern tip of Banks Island. Jammed into the ice, not far from the hand-cleared airstrip was the fat red hull of the Amundsen.

It’s been a whirlwind week since we landed, getting used to living—and working—on a ship in the Arctic. There are rules (you don’t go out on the ice without a rifle), schedules (5 p.m. dinner; 7 p.m. science meeting) and the temperature (camera batteries last two hours at most) to keep in mind. But the scientists are uncommonly generous with their time and quite willing to have me tag along with them as they cut ice cores, sort zooplankton or snap photos of ice crystals.

I have yet to see a seal, an arctic fox or a polar bear, and I missed the couple of birds that passed overhead today (I was staring at a turquoise ice ridge), but there’s still plenty of time for that to happen. After more than a week of drifting, we’re dislodging from this floe tomorrow and setting out to the open water. The seals, I’ve been told, won’t slip off the ice edge until the last possible moment. 

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Cheers, 
Hannah


Hannah Hoag
Science journalist
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A couple of days in the life of Chris Fuller...

Chris Fuller is a graduate student working under under the supervision of
Dr. John Yackel, geography professor and research associate for the Arctic
Institute of North America. I am among 200 scientists from 15 countries
taking part in Canada’s largest International Polar Year (IPY) project –
the Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) system study situated in the Beaufort Sea,
Canadian Arctic. This study seeks to examine how the Arctic’s physical,
biological and geochemical systems are interconnected and how these
systems respond to changes in sea ice. Chris’s research is focused on
quantifying changes in snow cover which affect ice formation, thickness,
and melt, using microwave remote sensing data. I will be engaged in a
surface validation campaign for Canada’s recently launched RADARSAT-2
satellite. My research will be based from the ice breaker CCGS Amundsen
from April 24-Jun 5.

The following is a couple of days in his life...

April 24, 2008

After leaving Calgary at 12:00 PM on April 23rd, I have finally arrived
safe and sound on the CCGS Amundsen at 8:00 PM on April 24th at the
southern tip of Banks Island (~Latitude 123°W, Longitude 71°N; near Cape
Lambton and Nelson Head). The scenery is more spectacular than I remember
from my time in Franklin Bay, though I am now located just across the
Amundsen Gulf from my previous field work in April-June of 2004. The vast
white wonder has me anxious to start new experiments. The ship, and the
placement of everything on it, is regaining familiarity; I’ve settled into
my cabin with a whirlwind of organization. I’ve recognized a few faces and
have met new colleagues who will no doubt become good friends by the end
of my time here. Being in the field, particularly in a remote location,
with a group of scientists from areas of research so disparate but with a
common goal gives me motivation and purpose that is hard to describe.
Tomorrow will come too soon for sleep, but not soon enough for the
thoughts and plans of science. The Sun will be up until 1:30 AM and will
reappear at 4:00 AM, long after and long before me.

April 27th, 2008

The last two days have been a combination of data gathering and meetings
regarding ship and science protocol and procedure. The time on the ice is
exhilarating; snow science requires a high number of independent samples
because snow properties are so spatially and temporally variable. The high
winds have created very dense snow (the kind that is excellent for igloo
building) which slows down the sampling process. The -18°C temperatures
with very high wind-speed create frigid wind-chills near -40°C which also
slows the data collecting process. It is sometimes said that if you set a
time budget based on how long it would take you perform a simple task in a
warmer climate (such as that of Calgary), triple that time for an idea of
the minimum time it will take in the Arctic. In Calgary this winter the
temperature flirted with -50°C; pretend you are out in that cold snap
working with very small tools that require bare hands and a high degree of
precision…for 3 hours…The ice flow we are in is also unstable, leads and
break-up occur all around you. Oh, and keep an eye out for Polar bears
that may confuse you, as you kneel on the ice doing science, for a tasty
Ring seal (2 bears have been seen in the last couple of days). These are
the conditions here at the beginning of my 6 week voyage. By the end of
the 6 weeks it will be a balmy -1°C with 98% humidity and watery
melt-ponds will surround us. Seal and Polar bear activity will increase.
The dynamics of this environment are astounding.

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